When I eat chicken, I call it chicken. Chicken wing; chicken drumsticks etc.
When I eat lamb, I call it lamb. Lamb shank; lamb cutlets.
So why do I not eat pig or cow? I eat pork or beef. Is there a reason for that?
My understanding is that the difference in terms goes back to the Norman invasion, which is when a ton of French-based terms for things were carried over.
The peasants referred to everything as the name of the animal but the French nobles referred to it as porc, boeuf, etc. This is also where we got the words for venison, mutton, veal, poultry, and also apparently pheasant
To add to this, the rich (i.e., French-speaking) consumed the most butchered meat, by far. So, it came to be that butchered meat for sale would be labeled in French, while the live animals, which were tended by (English-speaking) peasents retained their English names.
@whenigrowup356 Yup. And then you have the New World animals where we use the name of the animal for both the animal and the meat, like buffalo.
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They are actually different (but similar) animals, from different continents.
I think you’re technically right, but most Americans call bison buffalo, even though they’re different animals.
And then we have foods like Buffalo wings. English is fun.
Buffalo wings are named for Buffalo, NY, where they were invented.
And what was the city named after?
The city was named after the Buffalo River. The origin of the river’s name is uncertain, but it is most likely named after the animal.
I know.
Buffalo in english is a weird word, because it’s an animal, a city and an action, which is why the phrase “Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo” is one of the weirdest things I’ve ever heard, but completely correct english.
Piggybacking off of this, “venison” comes from a Latin word meaning “to hunt” and was originally used as more of a catch-all term for game meats. You might have deer venison, boar venison, rabbit venison, etc. Over time it came to mostly be used to refer to deer
My country had not been invaded by the Normans and we speak completely different language, yet we don’t call it pig or cow either.
If you don’t mind my asking, which language is yours?
It’s an interesting question to ponder which different languages ended up with distinction words for the meat vs the living animal, and maybe what that says about the culture.
The distinction is not a feature of French, from what I understand, and English ending up with this distinction seems to have been entirely accidental.
It’s Czech. It also applies to Slovakian.
If it involves food or the culinary arts, then chances are good France and the French language is involved.
We do in Denmark.
The english words are different because…
The farmers would call it by its english name. And the king and other fancy people would use the french.
Pig becomes porc
For example.
Eventually this meant that when the animal was alive youd call it by the english name. And when it was butchered you used the french name.
Or so i read once.
My favorite animal is the frikadellapotomus.
Tagger below explains it but also wanted to chime in that chicken is often “poultry”, but over time, we became comfortable with “chicken”.
Not exactly. The poultry family includes other fowl/birds, including turkey and duck.
true! I poorly was thinking about poultry as a derivative of french words.
Chicken has Its own “Norman” word, which is “poultry”.
True. I think someone else pointed this out as well. But I don’t eat a poultry drumstick. The English language is a funny thing!
Beef only refers to cow and pork only refers to pig, but poultry encompasses many species of fowl, and I think that the need for distinction is what led to people generally referring to poultry by the species. If you tell someone you’re having poultry for dinner the follow-up is usually ‘what kind?’, and if beef referred to the meat of any large domestic quadriped mammal and bison were more popular, we’d probably refer to it as ‘cow’, that kind of thing.
This phenomenon is far from exceptional to English though.
Fascinating! Thank you all for the answers! I got an F in French at high school, which might explain why I hadn’t made the connection.
F is for French after all
It’s because of the Norman conquest of England. Basically, the ruling nobility spoke French and the lower classes spoke English. The peasants who were in charge of livestock spoke English so pig, cow, and chicken stuck around. But it was mostly the upper classes who ate the meats so they used French words at the dinner table (beef from boeuf, pork from porc, poultry from poulet, etc.).
As I understand it, after the norman invasion in 1066, generally the Saxon (Germanic speaking) people reared the animals so the names for the animals come from the German language, but the norman (French speaking) people eat the animals so the names for the meat generally derive from the French language.
Adoption from French, I assume. I would say sheep for the animal and lamb for the meat, though.
lamb is the young animal. Sheep raised for meat don’t live long enough to not be lamb, though. old animals tend to produce tougher meat. (as apposed to sheep raised for wool production.)
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Lots of more nuanced answers, but I want to say language is weird, that’s why
I’m also confused as to why English-speaking people in general, at least in the U.S. and Britain, are fine with eating sheep but not goat. Goat is one of those exotic meats the foreigners eat for some reason. I’ve never even had the opportunity to try goat. Could it be all that different?
Goat is a bit of an acquired taste. That’s why it’s usually heavily spiced and stewed or slow cooked. And it’s not like people eat a ton of mutton, either.
It’s different in the same way that pheasant is different to chicken or wild pork is different to farmed pork.
In other words a stronger taste.
Goat is quite widely eaten in the UK. Mainly in Carribbean cuisine and indian cuisine in my experience.
I guess I meant outside of food cultures that don’t come from within those countries.
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